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2021 06 v.51 1065-1106
寒武纪生命大爆发与地球生态系统起源演化
基金项目(Foundation): 国家自然科学基金重大项目(41890844);国家自然科学基金国际(地区)合作与交流项目(41720104002);国家自然科学基金创新群体(41621003); 国家杰出青年科学基金(41425008); 高等学校学科创新引智计划(D17013)
邮箱(Email):
DOI: 10.16152/j.cnki.xdxbzr.2021-06-012
中文作者单位:

西北大学地质学系/大陆动力学国家重点实验室陕西省早期生命与环境重点实验室;中国科学院南京地质与古生物研究所;长安大学地球科学与资源学院;

摘要(Abstract):

生命活动加速地球有机界和无机界之间的循环,从而成为驱动地球生物圈、岩石圈和大气圈层物质循环和能量流动的主要动力。生态系统是由生物群落及其环境组成的统一整体,生物圈是地球上最大的生态系统。根据生态系统的组成及其演化阶段,综合全球重大地质事件和寒武纪大爆发动物界成型,本文提出地球生态系统可分为原始进化生态系统、初级进化生态系统和现代进化生态系统三大演化阶段。原始进化生态系统以陆核形成、成熟,早期超大陆聚合、裂解和潘基亚大陆形成早期阶段之前等不稳定大陆演化为地质背景,生物类群主要以蓝藻(又称蓝细菌)和真核藻类为生产者,以细菌微生物为分解者的2极食物链结构,生活底质仅以海洋底质(岩石)和沉积物为界面,在原始海洋中仅以海水、海底为介质的2相(液相和固相)生态环境,时间包括太古宙和元古宙的大部分地史时间,代表着以菌藻类初级生产者诱导的生态系统形成和演化,反映了生物圈与岩石圈物质循环的原始阶段。初级进化生态系统以冈瓦纳大陆聚合为地质背景,现代板块构造建立、全球板块联动,大陆风化加强,时间上包括埃迪卡拉纪末到早古生代的加里东运动时期。通过寒武纪大爆发,地球首次诞生了动物,代表着宏体消费者出现,由生产者、消费者和分解者组成的完整3极食物链结构形成,地球进入了以动物消费需求牵引的生态系统循环。消费者以海洋无脊椎动物为主,出现底栖、游移、浮游和游泳等现代海洋群落生态类型,期间礁体动物出现,生物礁繁盛,包壳、刻蚀(污损)生物开始大量增殖,由于生物的相互作用导致海底岩石生物风化急速加快,生物圈和岩石圈物质循环在海洋中迅速加强,代表地球现代复杂海洋生态系统初步形成。现代进化生态系统以潘基亚大陆聚散和古新特提斯构造域形成演化为地质背景,初级生产者发生重大改变、陆地植物出现,动植物登陆,陆地生态系统逐步形成、发展和繁盛。海陆高级消费者不断出现、演替,由生产者、消费者和分解者组成3极食物链结构稳定循环,系统能自我修复和自我完善,不同时期部分动物已跨越陆地和海洋两个生态系统进行繁衍生息,陆地生产者与分解者通过河流交相辉映、周而复始、循环不断。高山、河流和海洋生物生态分层分带明显,不同动物在陆地、海洋和大气不同界面(液相、气相和固相)穿梭,不同介质(海水、陆地和空气)交流互动。脊椎动物鱼类登陆从而导致四足动物(两栖类、爬行类和哺乳动物包括人类)的后续发生,不同地史时期不同类型的脊椎动物呈现"登陆下海"生态奇观,生态群落和营养结构复杂多变,生态类型繁多,时间横跨晚古生代、中生代和新生代直至现在,代表海陆交互的复杂地球现代进化生态系统的形成、发展、演替和繁盛。生物圈、岩石圈、水圈和大气圈以生物为纽带,物质交流和能量流动速度加快,成为现代地球生态系统的最大特征。因此,前寒武纪诞生了原始生命并衍生了现代海洋生态系统的初级生产者(菌藻类),地球进入初级生产者维持的原始进化生态系统;寒武纪大爆发诞生了地球动物消费者,历时4千万年地球动物界成型、建立了现代动物系统框架,之后5亿年再无新的动物门类出现,现代海洋生态系统格局形成,地球开启了动物需求驱动的初级进化生态系统;晚志留世和早泥盆世后陆地生态系统诞生,历时3亿年植物界成型,地球原始生产力不断革新,动植物海陆交互,现代生态系统形成,不断修复并完善。对比研究动物消费驱动的地球初级进化生态系统和高级生产者植物引导的现代进化生态系统的演化过程对理解地球的宜居性演化有重要意义。

关键词(KeyWords): 生态系统;海洋生物;陆地动植物;生态群落;显生宙;群落演替;构造环境
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基本信息:

DOI:10.16152/j.cnki.xdxbzr.2021-06-012

中图分类号:Q911.1

引用信息:

[1]张志飞,刘璠,梁悦等.寒武纪生命大爆发与地球生态系统起源演化[J].西北大学学报(自然科学版),2021,51(06):1065-1106.DOI:10.16152/j.cnki.xdxbzr.2021-06-012.

基金信息:

国家自然科学基金重大项目(41890844);国家自然科学基金国际(地区)合作与交流项目(41720104002);国家自然科学基金创新群体(41621003); 国家杰出青年科学基金(41425008); 高等学校学科创新引智计划(D17013)

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